Polio :: essays research papers

Poliomyelitis, infective virus disease of the central scatterbrained system, sometimes resulting in paralysis. The superior incidence of the disease, also known as infantile paralysis, is in children amidst the ages of five and ten years. The disease was described in 1840 by the German orthopedist Jacob von Heine. In its clinical form it is more prevalent in temperate zones.Symptoms The virus usually enters the body through the alimentary leaflet and spreads along nerve cells to affect various parts of the central nervous system. The incubation period ranges from about 4 to 35 days. Early symptoms implicate fatigue, headache, fever, vomiting, constipation, stiffness of the neck, or, less commonly, diarrhea and pain in the extremities. Because nerve cells that swear muscular movement are not replaced once they are destroyed, poliovirus transmittance can cause permanent paralysis. When nerve cells in respiratory centers, which tick off breathing, are destroyed, the victim must be kept alive by an iron lung (see Artificial Respiration). For every paralytic case of poliomyelitis, however, there whitethorn be 100 nonparalytic cases.Treatment Because no drug certain so far has proved effective, treatment is entirely symptomatic. Use of moist mania coupled with physical therapy to stimulate the muscles was first initiated by the Australian she-goat Elizabeth Kenny, and antispasmodic drugs are administered to produce muscular relaxation. In the convalescent stage, occupational therapy is used.Disease Control Three broad types of the virus have been determine the Brunhilde (type 1), Lansing (type 2), and Leon (type 3) strains. Immunity to one strain does not furnish tax shelter against the other two.Poliomyelitis control was made possible when, in 1949, the American bacteriologist John Franklin Enders and his coworkers discovered a method of growing the viruses on thread in the laboratory. Applying this technique, the American physician and epidemiologist Jonas Salk developed a vaccine wide-awake from inactivated poliomyelitis viruses of the three known types. After field trials in 1954 the vaccine was pronounced safe and effective, and mass inoculation began. The American virologist Albert Sabin subsequently developed a vaccine containing attenuated, live polio virus that could be given orally.