Guidance Services

GUIDANCE SERVICES IN ELEMENTARY, SECONDARY & TRETIARY LEVELThe school is expected to provide more than just teaching and instruction. A school programme includes all those activities other than instructional which are carried out to render assistance to pupils in their educational, vocational, personal development and adjustment.GUIDANCE SERVICES IN ELEMENTARYThe elementary school counsellor serves the needs of all elementary students, to help them develop, academically, socially and emotionally. The school counsellor’s role is constantly changing, reflecting the needs of the many people in our school community; children, parents, teachers, and administrators. A variety of services are provided: Guidance LessonsThe elementary guidance curriculum is child-centred and developmental – considers the characteristics and needs of each age and grade level. The curriculum encourages students to:– develop positive self-image – become more aware of the relationships between themselves and others – recognize their own needs and goals Individual Counselling ServicesElementary school counsellors meet individually with students to provide support for school-related issues. The counselling strategies vary with each student’s needs and are provided on a short-term basis as determined by the school counsellor. Students can refer themselves to the counsellor or can be referred by parents, teachers, or other school staff. Group Counselling ServicesElementary school counsellors meet with small groups of students on various topics. Topics are determined by the children’s needs and interests.ConsultationSchool counsellors, parents, and teachers work together to support children. Elementary school counsellors work with parents: – to exchange and gather information – to provide recommendations; and – to discuss parenting concernsElementary school counsellors work with teachers, administrators, and other staff: †“ to provide information, materials and referral assistance – to address student needs, especially within the Instructional Support Team (IST); and – to promote a positive learning environment.Is it time to speak with the counsellor?Parents should feel free to call the counsellor when they notice certain signs of potential problem in their child: – You see a dramatic change in your child’s behaviour. A happy child becomes withdrawn. A friendly child wants to be alone. – There’s been a change in your family. A new marriage, a severe illness, a divorce or a new baby can all effect school work. -Your child begins acting out and fails to respond to your usual methods of discipline. The behaviour that you see at home may also be occurring at school.GUIDANCE SERVICES IN SECONDARYThe Guidance Department is committed to helping students successfully navigate through high school academically, socially, and personally. This begins with the guidance counsellors visiting the middle schools to help 8th grade students make informed decisions about course selection and getting involved in school activities at the high school. This is done in conjunction with an eighth grade parent night to introduce parents to the high school. ONCE STUDENTS HAVE TRANSITIONED IN AS FRESHMEN, meet the ninth graders in groups to stress the importance of being an active participant in their high school education. It is important for students to understand early on that the decisions they make as freshmen can impact their future plans.IN THE SOPHOMORE YEAR, administer the PLAN assessment to all 10th graders and then schedule individual meetings with the students and parents to begin the discussion and planning for what comes after high school. We often refer to this meeting as â€Å"The Kick-off† to the college planning process. BY JUNIOR YEAR, students should be in full gear with their post secondary planning and help jump start this by providin g students with the tools to get started in group sessions. THE COMPREHENSIVE GUIDANCE PLAN CULMINATES IN THE SENIOR YEAR , with individual meetings with seniors and  their parents to help guide them through the post-secondary and college application process. -Donna Lyons, Director of GuidanceTHE GOALS OF THE SCHOOL COUNSELING PROGRAM ARE:†¢To help students in developing the ability to make decisions regarding personal, social, and educational matters. †¢To assist parent/guardian(s) in developing skills needed to support the student’s post-secondary enrolment and career exploration processes. †¢To support personalized assessment of the educational and career options available to each student. †¢To make appropriate referrals concerning community and school resources. †¢To assist students, parents, and others involved in addressing concerns and issues associated with the classroom and school environment. †¢To assist in the implementation of progr am accommodations granted as part of approved special education Individual Education Plans (IEP) or regular education 504 plans.Test PreparationThe Guidance Services Department at most schools offers students test preparation materials to help the students prepare for the various standardized tests they are exposed to during their middle school and high school careers.Program PlanningProgram planning is another key service offered by guidance departments. Program planning involves helping the student decide what classes he wants to take during his middle school and high school career. Program planning not only helps the student decide what electives to take and what classes are best for his academic abilities, it ensures that the classes the student is taking fulfil the high school's graduation requirements.Individual/Group CounsellingIndividual counselling and group counselling comprise counselling sessions held between a guidance counsellor and a student or group of students. Thes e sessions seek to address psychological, social and academic issues that can range from problems with school work, to bullying, to health concerns like depression. During these types of sessions, the parents of the student may be contacted and the student may be referred to an outside agency if the  problem warrants such action.College/Career PlanningThis service seeks to help students decide what they want to do after they are finished with their high school career. If the student wants to attend college after high school, the school selection and application process can be overseen or aided by the guidance counsellor. If the student wishes to enter the workforce immediately after high school, the guidance counsellor can aid the student in finding work, resume building, interview etiquette and many other employment-seeking skills.Guidance and Counselling has been defined as a profession involving an â€Å"integrated approach to the development of a well-functioning individual p rimarily by helping him /her to utilize his/her potentials to the fullest and plan his/her present and future in accordance with his/her abilities, interests and needs.†(RA 9258, Rule 1, Section 3) The PSHS-CARC Guidance Program is based on the needs of the starting campus and its budgetary limitations.Sponsored Link2014 Scholarships Scholarships for Students Undergraduate, Masters, PhD etc scholarship-positions.comGUIDANCE SERVICES IN TERTIARYInformation This refers to the intentional and purposive delivery of information to students; the primary purpose is to enable students to use said information to guide their choices and actions inside and outside of the University. Information varies and may be categorized as institutional, educational, occupational, and personal. Modes of delivery include dissemination through bulletin board, postings, flyers, brochures, orientations, meetings, and consultations.Individual InventoryThis refers to the process of accumulating and analyzi ng information about students on an individual basis through the use of an inventory form and through routine interview. Data solicited may include demographic information, academic records, psychological assessment data, and personal needs and problems. Data may be used to check for students who may need  counselling or specialized guidance services, and to inform the development and enhancement of student services.TestingConsistent with the objective of being able to assess relevant educational and psychological data from students, a testing program is designed and implemented. The testing program aims to help the students gain understanding of their needs and personality, to realize their potentials, to identify their strengths and weaknesses, and to know the implications of these. The main task of this service is the administration, scoring, and interpretation of standardized psychological tests of personality, interest, needs, aptitude, and intelligence, as well as the develo pment and use of affective scales that can be used to come up with a more complete picture of a student's traits or characteristics.CounsellingThis refers to the purposive interaction between student and counsellor, individually or in groups where the needs, problems, or difficulties of the student are shared, examined, and processed with the end goal of empowering the student to effectively manage his concerns. Areas of concern can be academic, personal, or social in nature and may focus on one's personality, emotion, attitude, values, or actual behaviour, Students can avail of counselling voluntarily (walk-in) or by referral from faculty, counsellors, parents, and other students.Personality Education Program This is a curriculum-based psycho-educational program designed to facilitate the total personality development, psychological wellness, and life adjustment of students.Career DevelopmentThis refers to the set of services specifically designed to assist students in their career planning and choices. These services can be categorized as career education (i.e. seminar on writing an effective resume); career information (i.e. job postings); and career placement (i.e. job fair).Special Guidance ServicesDevelopmental Learning SessionsThis refers to seminars or workshops facilitated by counsellors or invited resource persons on topics not covered by the information service and personality education classes. The aim of such program is to facilitate the learning experience of students on a wide variety of topics that could help them in their adjustment in school and life in general.Psychotherapeutic Intervention ProgramThis refers to programs specifically planned, designed, and implemented to meet the need of a particular group of students (i.e. athletes, single-mothers). The aim of such program is to promote psychological wellness and prevent future incidents of maladjustments or to remedy an already existing case of maladjustments among students belonging to sp ecial target groups.Research and EvaluationResearch is a guidance function where the counsellors develop and implement research plans that would generate empirical data about students and student’s life that could be used to inform policy and decision-making in the University, especially on matters relevant to student welfare and development, and to inform the direction and suitability of the various guidance services.Evaluation is a guidance function where the counsellors develop and implement assessment and evaluation plans that would provide soft and hard data on the quality, results, and impact of the various student services and programs. Evaluation data can be used as basis for enhancement of existing programs and development of new programs. Referral and ConsultationCounselling or clinical cases deemed beyond the level of expertise or resources of the faculty counsellors are referred to others to ascertain that students in such cases would be able to benefit from the b est available intervention.Follow-upThis refers to the formal and systematic monitoring of the individual progress of current students who have undergone academic advising, counselling, referral, placement, or any special intervention program. Returning students and those who are in academic probation are also monitored whenever needed. http://www.pnu.edu.ph/page/osass_guidance.php

Abnormal Psychology: Abuse, Addiction, & Disorders

Psychological Disorder Analysis ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY: ABUSE, ADDICTION, & DISORDERS Psy 270 Jalisa Cooper February 4, 2012 Final paper Psychological Disorder Analysis Psychological disorders can be very debilitating for those who suffer from them. Psychological disorders affect a person’s ability to function normally in their daily lives. In regards to the case study of Nicole the patient Nicole is a 40-year-old Hispanic female who comes to the mental health clinical complaining of trouble sleeping, feeling â€Å"jumpy† all of the time, and experiencing an inability to concentrate.These symptoms are causing problems for her at work, where she is a finance manager. Though the information in regards to Nicole is very limited and difficult to analyze, however the symptoms suggest that Nicole may be suffering from Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder can be difficult to diagnose and the symptoms are often unrecognizable. Posttraumatic stress disorde r is an anxiety disorder which can develop from having experienced a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened.Like many anxiety disorder they may cause jumpy and sleepless behavior depending on the anxiety disorder the individual may have. Traumatic disorders can be triggered by stress or any other event that may cause the individual to develop anxiety related symptoms. A traumatic event might be military combat experience, violent personal attacks, or even car accidents. Post-traumatic disorders can be triggered by something in their past that be generated from something major or insignificant.While Nicole’s profile within the case study does not state the existence of a traumatic event throughout her past or present life, however I can only assume that she many have experienced something in her past that may have been triggered by stress at work or another aspect in her life. It is common for the individual to withhold this informat ion as it may be extremely difficult for them to relive the event because it may be too traumatic.Victims that may have experienced an event such as rape or car accident resulting in death or severe injuries may not experience symptoms at the moment of the event however they may develop symptoms shortly or later after the event once it is triggered by stress or other traumatic events. Being that the case study did not present a in depth history on Nicole I would attempt to gather information form the patient such as â€Å"Have you experienced a traumatic event recently or in your past? † This would be to gather information about the patient to that I can pin point the origin of what is causing her symptoms.The case study regarding Nicole mentions that she is a 40-year old woman that is suffering from a great deal of symptoms. According to the Demographics of â€Å"Faces of Abnormal Psychology Interactive: for Post-traumatic stress disorder†, middle age adults are more adversely affected than older and younger adults. In addition she is a Hispanic woman meaning for whatever disorder it is important to take into consideration her culture in treating her conditions. The DSM-IV states one of the criteria of Post-traumatic stress disorder is increased levels of arousal including insomnia, irritability, and hyper vigilance. People with these disorders may feel overly alert, be easily startled, develop sleep problems, and have trouble concentrating† (Comer, 2005). When suffering from PTSD and individual may begin to display symptoms of avoidance of any stimuli that is in anyway related or associated with the traumatic event. These methods many even include avoidance of thoughts, feelings and activities associated with are resemble the event. As stated in the case study Nicole mentioned that she is having complications with getting to sleep or in general getting the significant amount of sleep needed to maintain her energy level throughout the day. Through her lack of sleep she is experiencing difficulty concentrating at her work facility, where her position requires a focused mind and attentiveness. She also experiences the feeling of being jumpy frequently throughout the day which relates to being easily startled or paranoid due to a past experience in relation to her current stress levels. She may have experienced something in her past that is being stimulated by her events she participate in during the day causing her to flash back to that moment and relive this event.It is common for individuals that suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder to experience a sequence of involuntary flashbacks through thoughts and even dreams, which may also be an additional reason for Nicole’s lack of rest during the night. She may be involuntarily reliving her traumatic experience due to stress in her life preventing her to obtain the proper rest that she needs to function at work. The case study failed to explain her social life and the relationships she may have with others thus it does explain her detachment to her work assignments and her lack of focus to stay on task.Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms reflect emotional detachment from friends and family causing them to be unable to express loving feelings for them. Post- traumatic stress disorder individuals become hyper-vigilant which could cause them to become chronically un-alert to the things and events around them rendering them unresponsive. Which is another symptom that Nicole the case study patient displays throughout her explanation of her working abilities, she displays a lack of concentration to the tasks at hand and jumpy feeling all the time.Those that suffer from this disorder may often become startled easily and suffer from difficulty of sleeplessness. Those individuals with PTSD often develop other disorder such as depression; substance related disorders as well as anxiety disorders. Meaning those that suffer from severe Post-trauma tic stress disorders may often result to substance abuse and may of their symptoms may be influenced by the usage of these substances causing their condition to seem more extreme.As well as depression and anxiety disorders can in addition contribute to the symptoms PTSD raising the impact of each symptom to a higher level depending on the severity of each disorder. Many times individuals are misdiagnosed because of the commonality of symptoms between disorders. Studies have shown that 60% of adult men today have experience a traumatic even, whereas 51% of adult women have experience a traumatic event at least once in their life. It is common for many individuals that experience traumatic events sometime throughout their life to not be affected by these events.Of 50% of American that experience a traumatic event of any kind, only approximately 8% of them eventually experience Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms later in life. It is suggested that each event is different in their own way as well as has different impacts on each individual. There are factors that predict ones vulnerability of Post-traumatic stress disorder which would revolve around the nature of the event the individual experienced. The DSM-IV states the severity of the traumatic event in one of the leading factors that help predict whether an individual may be susceptible to later suffer from Post-traumatic stress disorder.The severe traumatic events that are more likely to induce PTSD are the events that are prolonged traumas that often affect ones family or self directly. Secondly the more likely trauma suffer that was experiencing pre-existing anxiety symptoms long before the severe traumatic event occurred is more likely to later develop Post- traumatic stress disorder symptoms. This is because the individual has already reached a point in their life that cause them to become worrisome making them unable to handle the pressures of a traumatic event of severe magnitude without having and episodes.These individuals are unstable to cope with whatever change this event has brought on causing them to develop additional anxiety disorders. Those individuals that have a history of mental illness are way more likely to experience PTSD symptoms. Third the individuals coping techniques play a large role in ones predictability of developing symptoms of PTSD. Traumatic events can take a toll on anyone and any magnitude of the event however ones predictability of developing PTSD is based on ones ability to cope with the tragic event.The individuals that lack the ability to move past the event often fall victim to this disorder. Those that dwell on the details of the event are at higher risk as well as those who refuse to discuss the events at all cost. Some events such as witness to death, accidents resulting in death and disastrous events could cause one to reframe communicating and expressing their feelings about the events. By reframing from acknowledging such event has occu rred I could cause a mental break. Finally support is an important factor when it comes to dealing with traumatic events much like any other disorder.Those that have a lack of support from friends, family, counseling or event therapy tend to be more susceptible to the developing the symptoms of PTSD. The lack of a support network is does not allow the individual to express their problems to someone that can understand or relate. And sufferer of a post-traumatic event needs to be able to reflect and vent some other emotions to someone close. They have to be a be to feel the support and encouragement of loved ones to keep them motivated to work through whatever they are experiencing.There have been a set of therapies to design to address this disorder to properly treat the symptoms. The three primary goals in theory are reducing the individual’s fear of provoking stimuli. This means that therapy will assist the individual in reducing the fear or unwillingness to address and con front activities and thoughts that trigger the traumatic event. Secondly, assisting the patient in modifying counterproductive thoughts, and lastly reducing stress are method used in therapy to assist the patient progress pass this event.The method of be reducing the individual’s fear of provoking stimuli are done through systematic desensitization, which is when an individual unlearns their fear thus reversing the classical conditioning process and eliminating the cause of them requiring the fear initially. The first phase is relaxation training of each muscle in the body while allowing the patient to then trained to calm themselves. The second phase is list of fear provoking stimuli descending from least threating and uncomfortable to more threating fears.The third phase us the desensitization phase where the patient is slightly provoke to introduce those thoughts or stimuli while remaining calm. It is often done through imagined stimuli and then they may introduce actual s timuli to the patient. In addition to this method therapist may use cognitive techniques which challenge ones irrational beliefs and unhealthy thoughts. Reference Comer, R. J. (2005). Fundamentals of abnormal psychology (4th ed. ). New York: Worth. Fundamentals of Abnormal PsychologyFaces of Abnormal Psychology Interactive application at the McGraw Hill Higher Education Web site: http://www. mhhe. com/socscience/psychology/faces/http://www. mhhe. com/socscience/psychology/faces/# Melinda Smith, M. A. , and Jeanne Segal, Ph. D. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT, AND SELF-HELP, (2011), Retrieved February 4, 2012, http://www. helpguide. org/mental/post_traumatic_stress_disorder_symptoms_treatment. htm Resources: Appendix A, Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology, and the Faces of Abnormal Psychology Interactive application at the McGraw Hill Higher Education Web

Jefferson/Madison Dbq

Devin Timms AP US History Jefferson/Madison DBQ During the presidencies of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, the two political parties were still somewhat true to their founding ideas, but not completely. The different parties had started to let go of their strong stances and instead begin to take a more, middle of the road viewpoint. The Jeffersonians began to sway from their strict constructionism partly, as they passed things like the 1st Bank of the United States, which went against almost everything the Jeffersonians were for and allowed the government to read-into the constitution.As the Jeffersonians started letting go of their ideals, so did the Federalists. As Thomas Jefferson moved throughout his presidency, he started letting go of his strict constructionism view. Before he became president, Jefferson still upheld the strict constructionist view that had become the characteristic of the Jeffersonian party. In his letter to Gideon Granger, he talks about how the governmen t will never be harmonious as long as the Federalists continue to attempt to make changes to the Constitution(Doc A).This letter and the one Jefferson wrote to Samuel Miller in 1808 still show more of a classic Jeffersonian view as they talk about giving less power to the central government and enforce a strict constructionist standpoint(Doc B). However, other actions and letters indicate Jefferson’s change. For example, the 1st Bank of the United States was passed under Jefferson, and that is clearly a Federalist item. Also, in Jefferson’s letter to Samuel Kercheval, he talks about how even though he may not like it, the world is changing and so you must change with it to keep up(Doc G).However, not all Jeffersonians were following his lead. In a speech to the House of Representatives, John Randolph shows a much more strict constructionist view as he denounces the â€Å"true republican principles of Jefferson’s administration†(Doc F). The Jeffersonian pa rty had stayed true to their characterization for the most part, but Jefferson had started them down the path to complete change by showing less and less support of the strict constructionist view.The Federalists had also begun changing, but not as much as the Jeffersonians. During a speech to the House of Representatives in Madison’s presidency, Daniel Webster, a Federalist, said how the government should not have the right to draft people for the army. He bases this argument off of the fact that it does not specifically state it in the Constitution(Doc D). Webster is showing an absolutely strict constructionist viewpoint in saying this. Even Madison had become less of a broad constructionist.In his message to Congress in 1817, he explains that even though it would be nice to have all the internal improvements they want, he will not pass it because of the fact that it is not specifically in the constitution as one of the government’s powers(Doc H). As both political p arties grow and change, so too do their viewpoints they assumed could stay the same. However, during the time period of 1801-1817, both parties began letting go of their original stances and started sharing their ideas.

The sucess of women in engineering programs Essay

The sucess of women in engineering programs - Essay Example Upon the arrival to higher education the female students are recruited and enrolled in the engineering field. There are several established mentoring programs that are offered to the female students so that they start well, maintain the interest, maintain a high Grade Point Average (GPA), remain in the engineering field, graduate successfully from their undergraduate programs, and pursue graduate work in engineering and/or work as engineers. WEPAN (2005) also recognizes the achievements made by women engineers, such as honoring them with The Betty Vetter Award for Research. There are professional organizations and advocate groups (WEPAN, 2005) that offer workshops, lectures, and seminars geared toward the female engineers. This serves as a support system to help them become interested in engineering, maintain them in engineering, and help them become female engineer leaders. They are also given awards in recognition of their active participation in research related topics to women in engineering (WEPAN, 2005). Female engineers are given a variety of tools to support them in their endeavors of becoming and staying in the engineering fields as successful engineers. WEPAN (2005) also has The Women in Engineering Initiative (WIEI) Award that gives recognition to outstanding programs or projects to serve as a model to other institutions. Their selection criteria is that: it serves as a model, shares experiences and materials with other institutions; serves as a model for programming formal pre-college or retention activities/projects; shows improvements in education for women in engineering; and, provides professional guidance to students and/or faculty seeking engineering and science as a career or profession. The Student Outreach Program – Evaluation Tools AWE – Assessing Women in Engineering Project develops assessment instruments and models; assesses program activities to achieve success in the recruiting of women

Safety Not Guaranteed Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Safety Not Guaranteed - Movie Review Example However, a short description of the film will not do justice to it. The film starts when some unfamiliar classified ad on television inspires 3 cynical Seattle magazine employees and creates the urge to search for the story behind it. A furtive weird character named Kenneth along with a pleasant however suspicious supermarket clerk who is quite affirmative regarding the mystery of time travel and that he has found its solution. All these characters go on a journey which is entertaining, smart, and unexpectedly profound, revealing the understanding of how far believing can take you. However, the process of interpersonal communication between the characters resulted in different kinds of conflicts and relationships in the film. The development of friendship, the development of romantic relationships-commitment, and managing the conflicts. This paper will discuss these development concepts in reference with ‘Safety Not Guaranteed’ characters and their interpersonal communic ation. Interpersonal communication has been the basis of every film that has been produced so far (however, exceptions are always there). The plot of this film is so designed that all the characters are unfamiliar to each other does not each other. However, for one commitment which is to identify who placed the ad, all of them goes on journey and somehow become friends. Jeff, Darius, and Arnau who intends to investigate the ad and the person behind it starts to know each other. Once they find the person who placed the ad (Kenneth) Darius felt something for Kenneth and started liking him. However, this development of romantic relationship was revealed when she broke the news about the death of her mother when she was a kid (Holden, 2012). However, Kenneth wanted to back into 2001 so that he can prevent the death of his then-girlfriend who died off a car accident. This obviously had have disturbed Darius. However, Darius very efficiently managed the conflict between her and Kenneth wh en he ran into the woods at the end of the movie towards his time travelling machine which was an airboat. She clears herself out and was able to convince him that everything else was true and she liked him. Kenneth along with Darius and the airboat suddenly vanishes from the spot. However, the implementation of interpersonal development has been showcased in the film quite often; when Darius was interviewed by the government agents who thought that she might be a spy as she interviewed the government scientists (Holden, 2012). The process of interpersonal communication and its development has been very efficiently placed and implemented in this film, in my opinion. The characters were so designed and placed that they all demonstrated a well-organized setting of interpersonal communication in a series of different situations. The examples which I have quoted above, all fits in the requirements of efficient and effective interpersonal. According to the class text and a general unders tanding of interpersonal relationships in developing friendship usually involves the first step of role limited interaction with small talk information. The friendly relations are then formed if individuals find common interests. This then develops into friendship with a little self-disclosure of oneself. Similarly, all the three characters that had been exampled in this paper fits on this theory. They all were strangers and did not know each other until one common project (to find

Gender at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender at work - Essay Example Multiple roles with unique responsibilities of both home and work, are seen to be beneficial to women, if domestic responsibilities are shared with the spouse. The numbers of women in the work force are increasing steadily, and may soon be equal in proportion to men. (p.271). Gender relations are more prone to conflict in today’s stressed lives. One reason is the following of traditional concepts of inequality of the sexes. The concept of imposing one’s will appears both in gender relations and war. Why is that? In gender relationships, the stronger or more dominant partner is perceived as the one who is superior physically, financially, or by education. The term status is linked with power, and refers to an individual’s position in the structure of social relationships with respect to other individuals. Status is dependent on the set of values attached by the culture concerned, to attributes like abilities, education, wealth, etc. Watts (1991) is of the opinion that power is exercised on the basis of higher status. The term ‘dominance’ is often connected to interruptive behavior. In terms of the hierarchy of status relationships, dominance is an explicit expression of power over others. Latent or overt conflict is interruptive behavior between two persons. Watts quotes Weber and Durkheim: â€Å"Power is the opportunity of imposing one’s will on another.† Power also forms part of the content of the network links of each individual. (pp. 55-56). Dominance and power give rise to control, which results in conflict. Conflicts in gender relationships, where the ‘weaker’ partner refuses to submit to the will of the dominant partner arise from perceptions about gender, and an individual’s sense of personal worth. The same definitions of power and conflict can be applied in the larger picture of war between two nations. According to Clausewitz and Rapoport, (1982) â€Å"war is nothing but a duel on an

Planning for Success A Product Launch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Planning for Success A Product Launch - Essay Example It is necessary to strategies on how to monitor the progress of the product and ensure efficient allocation of products to the right market (Cavanagh 2012). Apple Inc. is undergoing increasing difficulty in managing time-to-market and to reduce the cost of introducing the new products. Apple Inc. Is a technology company, with frequent changes in the mode of doing business. This paper will focus on how launch effectively a new iPhone for the Apple Inc. The company will be launching a new product in the market. The product itself is the new iPhone which was introduced recently in the market. This report will include all the requirements, the planning process, implementation and the effective means of monitoring the implementation process (Comments on â€Å"A New Product Growth for Model Consumer Durables The Bass Model 2011). The iPhone that will be launched soon is expected to meet customers expectation since it contains all the features in it. The key features are that the iPhone itself is a mobile phone, contained software for playing music, mini personal organizer and it contained other software that can be used in various sectors. The main goals and objective for launching iPhone is to create awareness of the iPhone in the market. It is essential for the potential customers to know that the new iPhone has been released. The launch of this product will also assist in distributing the product in the market. Furthermore, the process will help to get feedback from the target segment for a pre-launch, win the customers interest so that they can place pre-orders and get the chance for product demonstrations. Besides, the company will be able to introduce iPhone in the new market. To be effective, it is essential to be objective and be specific when launching the iPhone. For instance, it is necessary to deliver the number of iPhones in the

Rhetoric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Rhetoric - Essay Example Persuasion, which is a key aspect of rhetoric, implores the use of specific types of words and sentence structures in order to appeal to the emotions of the audience thereby influencing them to the ideas of the artists. Writing is an art that just like any other demands professionalism and appropriate use of the artistic features. Aristotle’s explanation of rhetoric provides artists with an objective view of writing as an art thereby underscoring the need for an author to have both and an objective and a purpose for writing. This way, the author identifies a target audience and develops a piece that achieves authenticity. This requires effective use of appropriate words in order to persuade the audience. Aristotle explains that rhetoric helps an article persuade the audience thereby convincing them to accept the ideas presented in the article. In order to achieve this, the author must have knowledge on the concept he or she explains and present them confidently and in a sequential manner thereby providing a progressive approach to the topic. Emotional appeal occurs only if the author uses specific words that will facilitate the persuasion. The author may for example use suspense in developing a problem. This heightens the audience’s interest on the topical issue. Through suspense, the author provides the audience with a platform to develop a mental picture of the situation thereby validating the need for an urgent solution, which the article presents subsequently (Furley and Nehamas 32). This way, the author does not only obtain the attention of the audience thereby sustaining the readership of the article to conclusion but also gains the emotional appeal thereby persuading the vulnerable audience. Vivid description is yet another technique that helps achieve the emotional appeal by aiding the audience ability to develop mental images of the problem. Cognitive theory posits that the audience ability to recognize

The Impact of Global Economic Crisis on the organizations in oil Essay

The Impact of Global Economic Crisis on the organizations in oil producing countries - Essay Example The economies in Middle East, which were then among the fastest growing in the world; primarily driven by the soaring crude oil prices, were first considered immune, but by 2009 it began affecting the region including Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) States. Most of the economies including UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, and Kuwait suffered significantly, due to the steep decline in their housing markets, which formed the crux of economic development in these countries. Saudi Arabia Economy: Saudi Arabia, which is the largest economy in the region, too suffered dearly due to its heavy dependent on crude oil, whose prices had retreated at record pace in 2009 (Berkmen et al., 2009). The impact of economic crisis was felt by the firms not only because of the dependence on oil, but also, as a result of numerous government controls over the main economic activities in the economy. The country has at least 25% market share of the world’s petroleum reserves, is regarded as the largest petroleum exporter in the world and plays a very crucial in OPEC deliberations and decision makings. The petroleum sector takes up to at least 55% of the GDP, 90% of export earnings and 45% of all budget revenue. 40% of this GDP is from the private sector. At least, 5.2 million workers play a vital role in the Economy of Saudi and especially in the service and oil sector. In order to reduce the dependence on oil, the government of Saudi Arabia had been encouraging the private sectors to increase the employment opportunities for the fast growing population. It has also begun to allow the participation of foreign investors and private sectors in the Telecom and power generation sectors of the economy. It was expected that the move will motivate other countries in the region to also embrace the concept in their economies. Strategies to diversify the economy and attract foreign investment into the country were given a boost when the government succeeded in joining the WTO in 2005, after many years of negotiation. This success and the high revenues from the oil, then further enabled it to build a very large budget surplus and easily facilitated expenditures on education, infrastructural development, increase government salaries, and make investments in job trainings and other timely and critical developmental projects. This no doubt lay the foundation for the economy to develop in a balanced way, as foreign companies were able to earn significant prof its, and in the process transfer hundreds of job skills to local employees, even as the country continue to earn billions of dollars from the sale of oil. The purpose of this proposed research consequently, is to critically examine the impact of global economic crisis on the financial performance and financial position of Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC), which is the largest listed company in Middle East region. This will entail the strategies used to obtain the results that the financial ratios and other statistical and analytical tools generated, during the study. The financial

European Court of Justice Essay Example for Free

European Court of Justice Essay The European Union (EU) is a celebrated alliance of Nations that runs from the United Kingdom and Portugal in the West to Turkey in the East. The EU has made travel and trade much easier between its member states. With few exceptions this Union now shares a common currency known as the Euro. After close to a decade of existence the Euro is now stronger than the U. S. Dollar. This economic powerhouse is energized by free trade between its members a free trade marked by cooperation rather than competition. Today, the average French Citizen has access to Limburger, Swiss and Italian Cheeses at ever cheaper prices. The EU can legitimately boast that it has all but eliminated tariffs between native states. Unfortunately, this Union is not without its faults. There are occasions when selfish national interest subvert the good of the Union. After all, despite the good will and benefits that nations gain from free trade, parochial interests can still sometimes over come the common good. In such cases the European Court of Justice may be forced to intervene. For example, In Commission v.  Italy Italian customs charges were struck down because any pecuniary charge, however small, imposed on goods by reason of the fact that they cross a frontier constitutes an obstacle to the movement of such goods. † Commission vs. Italy is not an isolated case, it is safe to say that â€Å"In developing the rules of the internal market, the European Court of Justice has maintained a careful balance between the de-regulation imperative of the Treaty, as interpreted by the Court, on the one hand, and legitimate Member State interests and the reality of regulatory diversity, on the other. The Court’s perception of the place of both civil and political rights and social rights within the internal market changes in accordance with how this balance falls. † The European Court of Justice (ECJ), also known as the Court of Justice of the European Communities is the highest court of the European Union. The court is similar to a national Supreme Court. It strives, interpret the EU laws to ensure equal application across the various European Union member states The European Court of Justice is based in Luxembourg City and was established in 1952. It is one of the few European Union institutions that is not based in Brussels. There is one judge for every member state although only thirteen can be present to hear a case at any given time. The ECJ has jurisdiction over all matter of European Community law, but can not intervene with respect to national law. Every nation has its respective national legal system which the Union must respect. However, the ECJ ensures that EU level legislation is interpreted and applied in equal manner across the whole of the EU. This prevents national Supreme Courts from interpreting the same legislation differently. The Courts decisions are binding. For instance, a state that fails to implement a directive or a Commission that acts outside its delegated power has to answer to the ECJ. The Court also has jurisdiction over cases involving disputes between states, institutions, businesses and individuals A full tale of the ECJs jurisdiction includes the insurance that the law is observed in the interpretation and application of the Treaties of the European Union. This application must be uniform across all nations without bias or favoritism, hence the need for a Union-wide arbiter of the law. The court must also see that the provisions are laid down by Community institutions with the proper competence. The Court enjoys a wide latitude to hear various actions. Among other things the court may rule on applications for annulment or actions for failure to act raised by a member state or institution, actions against Member States for failure to fulfill obligations, references for a preliminary ruling and appeals against decision of the Court of First Instance Under Article 226 of the Consolidated Treaty Establishing the European Community (CTEEC), the ECJ may determine if a Member State has fulfilled its obligations under Community Law. A preliminary hearing will allow the erring Member State to reply to the complaint. If the hearing does not result in termination of the claim of failure by the Member State an action for breach of Community law may be brought before the European Court of Justice. Such an action is ordinarily brought to the court by a Member State by another Member State. If the court finds that the claimed obligation has not been fulfilled the erring Member State must terminate the breach with due haste. If the breach is not resolved within a reasonable time period upon the Request of the Commission, the European Court of Justice may impose a fixed or periodic financial penalty. In addition the court may also act on Actions for Annulment, Actions for failure to act, Applications for compensation based on non-contractual liability. The court can also rule of review on point of the law. The ECJ is the final arbiter with respect to the interpretation and application of community law. The Court of First Instance, deals with most cases before they are elevated to the ECJ. However, these two bodies are not the only judicial body tasked with interpreting the application of Community Law. The true court of first instance is actually the national courts. The national courts retain jurisdiction to review the administrative implementation of Community law. , for which the authorities of the Member State are responsible. It is because of this role that the National courts are the first guarantors of the Community law. Unfortunately, National courts are beholden to the nations in which they belong. It cannot be helped but for a justice to give his loyalty first to his country and second to the Union. Cynicism aside, there can and there have been occasions were the parochial interest of the state was upheld by the National courts over the fair and equitable application of the EU’s laws. It is in these circumstance that the Court must intervene. In Costa vs ENEL it was established that Community law takes precedence over the member states domestic law. Furthermore, in Simmenthal II the Court held that there is a Duty to set aside provisions of national law which are incompatible with Community Law. Hence, the Court justifies its rulings in favor of Community law over the parochial decisions of National Courts. Despite criticism that at time the court has overstepped its bounds and has interfered with local laws. The powerhouse economy of the EU is made possible by the elimination of Tariff barriers that once plagued the nations. Tariffs historically, made products of one nation less competitive in the market of another nation. For example, all things being equal, a bottle of wine produced in France will cost more than Italian wine in Rome because the French wine had to pay Tariffs. Articles 23 and 25 of the EC prohibit all â€Å"customs duties on imports and exports and of all charges having equivalent effect. This applies between Member States and also applies to customs duties of a fiscal nature. The ECJ has remained steadfast in upholding the Union’s commitment to Free Trade. The ECJ has ruled that ‘Goods’ are â€Å"products which can be valued in money and which are capable, as such of forming the subject of commercial transactions . † Hence, painting, sculptures and even musical recordings are ‘goods’ the establishment of tariff barriers against is disallowed. Even waste is capable of forming the subject of a commercial transaction A criticism against the ECJ is that at times it may overstep its bounds and interfere with the internal workings of a nation. For example, in Diamantarbeiders ; â€Å"A charge having equivalent effect to a customs duty is any pecuniary charge however small and whatever its designation and mode of application which is imposed unilaterally on domestic or foreign goods by reason of the fact that they cross a frontier and which is not a customs duty in the strict sense. This is the case even if it is not imposed for the benefit of the State [and] is not discriminatory or protective in effect, or if the product on which the charge is imposed is not in competition with any domestic product. Also in Bresciani Charges imposed for a public health inspection carried out on the entry of goods to a Member State can be a charge having equivalent effect to a customs duty. It was not important that the charges were proportionate to the costs of the inspection, nor that such inspections were in the public interest . Thus, the ECJ continues to maintain its commitment to free trade and the removal of all barrier to trade between Member States. The efforts of non-compliant Member States to form covert or hidden tariffs is vigilantly watch by the Court in order for it to act swiftly and decisively upon any breech that arises However, Court is not wholly without heart or willingness to render judgment based on its jurisdiction as a court of Justice AND equity. It is not utterly insensitive to the plight of Member States. In commission vs Germany it ruled that; A charge for a service will not be regarded as a customs duty where it: (a) does not exceed the cost of the service, (b) that service is obligatory and applied uniformly for all the goods concerned, (c) the service fulfills obligations prescribed by Community law, and (d) the service promotes the free movement of goods in particular by neutralising obstacles which may arise from unilateral measures of inspection . This decision is of interest because of its Solomonic approach, Germany at that time was suffering a period of economic dislocation and in a nut shell needed to be cut some slack. By allowing charges for a service to be accounted as not a customs duty, it allowed Germany a quantity of income. Strict rules were established to ensure that such allowance is not abused by Germany or any other Member State. However, the European Court of Justice still upheld its commitment to free trade. Art 90 of the EC provides that Member States are prevented from imposing, â€Å"directly or indirectly, on the products of other Member States any internal taxation of any kind in excess of that imposed directly or indirectly on similar domestic products. In Humblot it was held that the prohibition extends to internal taxation of such a nature as to afford indirect protection of product†. This case was an example of how pervasive and at times invasive the European Court of Justice can get in upholding its mandate. The European Court of Justice has a mandate to protect the Community Law. At times it must do so over the heads of Member States who have put parochial interests before the good of the Union. Fortunately, the Court has been granted sufficient mandate and jurisdiction to uphold the its commitment to Free Trade. The Court is at times criticized for being too invasive and interfering even with the internal workings of a Member State. The Court is also lambasted from being overly committed and ignoring the facts of the ground, or the special circumstances which might merit certain exceptions. As was noted in the Germany case, this is not so. Despite its mandate, the Court remains sensitive to the needs of individual nations some of which may require some temporary consideration in order to adjust and eventually be full partners of the European Union.

Ghost Story

Ghost Story The time shows 12 midnight i am walking alone after attending my tuition class suddenly name and sudddenly i heard someone calling my name and I turned towards the voice.The beat of my lungs became more fast as fast as my mind think who is calling my name. I walked straightly to the main road because there was the only place that has the road light. The dark make my sense become terrible and unluckily I was forgetting to bring my handphone.Actually this is my first day attending my tuition day because my family was newcomer of this village,Kampung Kubur Shariff.Just for a few days.There were none of my friends stay around my house and it make me went and back on my own.I had never been down this road before and I hope my step was right. My walks become faster and it took about 15 minutes to arrive at the main road. The road ran along towards the main road was full of bushes and it ended in a clump of trees and a dead end on its right while the left is to main road.There was also an orchard between of the road before the main road.No light and there were fenced. As I approached at the half of road near the orchard fence, I saw a small shed at the end of the orchard near the main entrance of orchard wondered who lived there.Then,I heard someone is calling my name again â€Å"nor†¦nor..†.The hisky voice make my nody become so cold and I told myself not to be fright and walk as fast as I can.But my step became more slower as I saw the main road became more far as usual.Because i, I did not venture further to have a look at the front of the house, but turned and walked. Suddenly, about 10 metres in front of me I saw there was a woman with a bicycle.†Thanks to God as He send me a help†, I said to myself. It make me so shaky. I walk toward him. â€Å"Hi†,I said to the lady.†Hi,can you help me.My tyre is shrinking†,she replied. I said to him I cannot help him as I did not have any tools to repair it.She invited me to join him to walk together to the main road as she said that her home was in Taman Merah.Fortunately,I was stay at Taman Merah too.So,now I have a friends to accompany me. She introduced himself as Siti. We talked about this village and I said I heard somenone is calling my name when I walk in front of the orhard. She said she was having the same situation too last week. Along our walks,she storied about a murder in that village.I am not too fright to hear that story because she was with me. In addition,we were already arrived at the main road. Just there were only the lady and me along the road.It took 20 minutes to arrive my home She told that last year, there was a murder happened related to the daughter of orchard behind my tuition center. She is called Maisara and was very pretty and engaged to a local farmer,Kamil. But there was a villager,Ahmad who some say had mental issue and always disturbed Maisara. One day,maisara scolded him and told him not too disturbed her again.Then next few days,with the bad plan,Ahmad decided to meet Maisara.If he could not love Maisara,no one could. So,as usual,Maisara went to her orchard but for this week,he will be accompanied by her fiancà ©e because her dad was not very well.Her mom was died when she wass eighteen due to accident, By chance,Ahmad saw Maisara and her fiancà ©e was having their lunch at the small shed in the orhard. Ahmad run towards Kamil and he came in from behind and stabbed Kamil in the back with a knife. Then he went off to Maisara while she was sitting near a well to wash her hand. Ahmad pulled out his knife again and stabbed her through the neck and he ripped her body and took out her heart and hangs it in the tree. Both dead bodies lied in the orchard. After covered in blood, Ahmad went home and took a nap. He was supposedly awoken by the sound of dripping. He looked around his room and it was covered in blood. In the middle of the room Maisara stood cursing at him. David had gone insane after that case. Then after Siti stop that story, she stopped her step as her bicycle stopped too. I walked in front of her. Next, I saw him turned back and turned in front of me again. My face became pale and I thought none of blood running into my nerve when I saw she showed her hand full with blood. I stared to her face and she smile and then i shocked when I saw her pretty face became ugly. I screamed and then I started to run and I never turned behind until I arrived my home. I knocked the door and my mom appeared. I was hugging her and then I saw a blank view and then I do not know anything after that. I woke up and I looked around.My mom and dad were looked at me.I wondered why they lookedat me like that. Then,I asked my mom where am i.She told that I was faint last night and my face became pale. They were so worried about me. I told everything that happened last night. They said maybe I am just too fright when I walked alone and I am too imagined but I denied about it. The next day, I asked one of my friend that who had lived there for twenty years, who lived in the orchard shed near the main entrance. But the murder was realy happened in that village. He said there was no shed in the orchard and never had been as long as he had lived there, only bunches fruit trees and bushes. Later that day, we walked down the road together and sure enough, there was no house, only a clump of trees at the end of the fence. This is the first experience I have ever had and still cannot explain it, but I know what I saw, and was not under the influence of any stimulant at the time nor was I halluc inating. It remains a mystery to me to this day, even though I have moved far away.

Everybody Should Take Stand Against Corruption Politics Essay

Everybody Should Take Stand Against Corruption Politics Essay Corruption in Afghanistan is considered one of the greatest challenges and issues both the citizens and government is facing. It has become widely recognized one of the major source of increasing poverty, backwardness, and instability in the country. It has also been considered a key challenge for governance and rule of law. Apart from this corruption is also an obstacle for the sustainable growth of economy which the country is struggling with. Although, both the government and the citizens have taken major steps to decrease the level of corruption in the governmental departments, the results are still not convincing. Different attempts have been made in order to define corruption; but still there is no precise, clear, single and accepted definition corruption which can be applicable to all forms, types and degrees of corruption. According to World Bank corruption is defined as the use of public office for private gains, or in other words, use of official position, rank or status by an office bearer for his own personal benefit. In this definition, examples of corrupt behaviors include: (a) bribery, (b) extortion, (c) fraud, (d) embezzlement, (e) nepotism, (f) cronyism, (g) appropriation of public assets and property for private use, and (h) influence peddling. (Myint) Corruption has posed serious challenges to the Afghan societies. In the political realm, it has undermined democratic values and good governance and has negatively affected formal democratic processes. Corrupt elections in have reduced the amount of accountability and responsiveness in the elected officials. In the judiciary, corruption in many instances has compromised the rule of law and responsibility against public. More generally, corruption has decreased the capacity of the governmental institutions. Many procedures in the government institutions are considered useless. Apart from this the public wealth and public resources are unequally distributed; the offices are often bought and sold. Moreover, corruption has also undermined the legitimacy of Afghan government and has negatively affected public trust and their tolerance. Everybody understands that corruption will not do any good to anyone. On the contrary, it harms everybody and society. So, in order to get rid of this serious issue and live in a corruption free society everybody should take a stand against corruption. Although, the Afghan government has made several commitments to combat corruption, but the problem is still widespread. Fighting and finally eradication of corruption needs serious work and commitments. It is understandable that corruption cannot be eradicated in a short period of time. It needs years and maybe decades. Combating corruption is not easy. In order to do so, one should know the causes and effects of the corruption on societies. Apart from governmental institutions, International Non-governmental Organizations such as Integrity Watch Afghanistan, United Nationals Agencies and Transparency International has found out numerous causes of corruption in Afghanistan among which United Nation Development Program (UNDP) has offered a broader list of commonly cited causes of corruption. The list includes: (i) a lack of rules, oversight and enforcement; (ii) institutional weaknesses in legislative and judicial systems; (iii) low incomes for public officials; (iv) high rewards comp ared to risks for corrupt behavior; and (v) a low likelihood of having corruption detected. (Balboa and Medalla) All the issues which cause corruption have created serious threats to Afghanistans development, questioned government legitimacy, increased tension between Afghan government and international community which in result has caused instability. Its growing threat has undermined the authority and accountability of government and has decreased the public trust in the government. The effect of corruption has many political, economic, social and environmental effects on the Afghan society which will be discussed one by one. In political spectrum, corruption has obstructed the democratic values which are the basis of Afghan government and the rule of law. Corruption is considered as one of the main obstacles to the development of democracy. Public institutions and governmental departments which are mainly created for the delivery of public services are the units of democratic system. When the officials of these institutions engage in corrupt activities, the institution loses their credibility. Lack of accountability can question the legitimacy of these institutions. Increase in corruption can result political instability and lack of transparency. Apart from this, corrupt societies lack sound political competition. The decisions are often made based on personal authority rather than legal authority which in turn undermine democratic values. These issues finally lead to anger and frustration in the citizens. For instance, Khalis Shinwari, a volunteer inspector assigned by the local elders in Jalalabad to identify cases of bad craftsmanship in development projects, told The Washington Post that the people are angryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but to whom they can complain? (Basar) This sort of dissatisfaction in the citizens can pose major challenges for the young democratic system of Afghanistan. The economic effects of corruption have serious impact on the whole country. First and foremost, corruption causes the misuse of national wealth by a small part of the population. It often results the unequal distribution of wealth, increases costs of goods and the delivery of public services. A report by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) lists some major economic consequences of corruption as (i) Prevention of economic growth; (ii) reduction in the effectiveness of international assistance; and (ii) loss of tax revenue given that bribes may be paid to evade taxes and customs. (Basar) In corrupt societies corruption causes the transformation of public wealth into private and neglects the necessities of public. The funds are spent on unnecessary projects and the basic needs of citizens are often ignored. Socially, corruption discourages people for working together for the common good of a society. It disturbs social services delivery, increase frustration among the citizens, which in return results in a weak civil society. Apart from this, corruption increases poverty in a society, and increase the gap between the rich and poor. In a corrupt society, paying and taking bribes becomes a tradition which results in inequality, hatred and insecurity. According to UNDP, corruption increases the price of public services and lowers their quality. (Basar) Furthermore, paying bribes for public service frustrate citizens and demoralizes citizens trust on the government which causes social unrest. To sum up, it has become clear that if Afghanistan wants to emerge as a strong democratic state, the government and the citizens need to take concrete steps to fight this serious disease which is spreading day by day. History has shown that corruption has been one of the main factors for the downfall of many regimes. It undermines the legitimacy of the government, weakening the structure; badly affect the economy, worsening poverty, affect reconstruction and increase insecurity and instability. Everybody understands that Afghanistan is decades away from reaching corrupt free society but both government and the citizens has to take a stand and place the fight against corruption as one of the top priorities for the development and stabilization of their beloved country.

The House Of The Seven Gables Essay examples -- essays research papers

THE HOUSE OF THE SEVEN GABLES The story begins as Nathaniel Hawthorne lays down the setting and describes the house of the seven-gables and the story of its creation. The house is old and overrun by moss weeds and bushes, but the greatest aspect is the gigantic tree in the front of the house that seems to grow in size as it feeds off the misery of the inhabitants and the decay of the house. The very land that the house was built on was stolen from Matthew Moule. Since Colonel Pyncheon liked the location he helped accuse Matthew Moule of witchcraft and had him hung from the gallows pole. At his death, Matthew Moule curses Colonel Pyncheon saying, 'God will give him blood to drink!" One hundred and sixty years ago, when Colonel Pyncheon opened the new seven-gabled mansion, the guests found him lying dead in his study with his face covered in blood. Now, 160 years later, the curse still haunts the household as unfortunate circumstances fall upon the Pyncheons. The claim to the vast acres in Maine still remains lost. Clifford Pyncheon was convicted for killing his uncle and is sent to prison for 30 years. The only Pyncheon left living in the house is Hepzibah, who is forced to put aside her pride and open a 1-cent shop on the first floor. The 1-cent shop in itself is a symbol if irony due to the fact that Hepzibah was once rich and now, though she is living in a mansion, she sells penny goods on the bottom floor. Townspeople come in usually just to see her work an...

The Red Convertible Essay examples -- Analysis, Louise Erdrich

Symbolism is a quintessential element in all writing, whether it is prose or a poem. â€Å"The Red Convertible,† a short story written by Louise Erdrich, tells the story of the destructive nature of war, via the strain caused on the families from improper deconditioning. The main characters in the story, Lyman and Henry Lamartine, are brothers that develop a seemingly inseparable bond through a car; a red convertible. Lyman, the younger of the two was very hard-working and could always â€Å"make money† (Erdrich 394). He manages to ascend up the employment ladder at Joliet Cafà © from â€Å"washing dishes† (Erdrich 394) to eventually owning the establishment. Henry was soon drafted into the war and became a Marine. Upon returning from the Vietnam War â€Å"Henry was very different† (Erdrich 396) and â€Å"the change was no good† (Erdrich 396). Additionally, with the name in the title, it is only befitting that the convertible play a very impo rtant factor in the short story. The red convertible, Henry’s refusal to remove his war garments, and the picture of the two brothers are symbols that make the story complete by providing a view of their lives and personality. Although there are many symbols throughout the story, the most established is the red convertible. Louise Erdrich uses the red convertible as a symbolic representation of not only Lyman and Henry’s relationship but all war separated families. The convertible served as a common enjoyment of both brothers and is representative of their independence. When Henry returned from the war scarred, â€Å"quiet, and never comfortable sitting still anywhere† (Erdrich 396). Lyman was upset that his brother was acting differently, so, in order to spark emotion and â€Å"interest† (Erdrich 396) Lyman damaged th... ...d Lyman’s relationship. A noteworthy example is when Lyman â€Å"plows† (Erdrich 400) the automobile into the river. Eventually, the car engine dies; just like Henry and the relationship of the two brothers. Clothes, an occupational indicator in this instance, show Henry’s inability to remove himself from war. His garments act as a binding force and a memory that will oppress him until death. Comparatively, the picture serves as a reminder of the past that continues to haunt Lyman, so much in fact, that he â€Å"put the picture in a brown bag and folded the bag over and over tightly† (Erdrich 398). The author uses the most disparaging facet of living, death, to portray that life is not everlasting and that although we will not live forever, our memories will. Symbols deepen the story by opening a gateway into the emotional and physical states of the brothers. The Red Convertible Essay examples -- Analysis, Louise Erdrich Symbolism is a quintessential element in all writing, whether it is prose or a poem. â€Å"The Red Convertible,† a short story written by Louise Erdrich, tells the story of the destructive nature of war, via the strain caused on the families from improper deconditioning. The main characters in the story, Lyman and Henry Lamartine, are brothers that develop a seemingly inseparable bond through a car; a red convertible. Lyman, the younger of the two was very hard-working and could always â€Å"make money† (Erdrich 394). He manages to ascend up the employment ladder at Joliet Cafà © from â€Å"washing dishes† (Erdrich 394) to eventually owning the establishment. Henry was soon drafted into the war and became a Marine. Upon returning from the Vietnam War â€Å"Henry was very different† (Erdrich 396) and â€Å"the change was no good† (Erdrich 396). Additionally, with the name in the title, it is only befitting that the convertible play a very impo rtant factor in the short story. The red convertible, Henry’s refusal to remove his war garments, and the picture of the two brothers are symbols that make the story complete by providing a view of their lives and personality. Although there are many symbols throughout the story, the most established is the red convertible. Louise Erdrich uses the red convertible as a symbolic representation of not only Lyman and Henry’s relationship but all war separated families. The convertible served as a common enjoyment of both brothers and is representative of their independence. When Henry returned from the war scarred, â€Å"quiet, and never comfortable sitting still anywhere† (Erdrich 396). Lyman was upset that his brother was acting differently, so, in order to spark emotion and â€Å"interest† (Erdrich 396) Lyman damaged th... ...d Lyman’s relationship. A noteworthy example is when Lyman â€Å"plows† (Erdrich 400) the automobile into the river. Eventually, the car engine dies; just like Henry and the relationship of the two brothers. Clothes, an occupational indicator in this instance, show Henry’s inability to remove himself from war. His garments act as a binding force and a memory that will oppress him until death. Comparatively, the picture serves as a reminder of the past that continues to haunt Lyman, so much in fact, that he â€Å"put the picture in a brown bag and folded the bag over and over tightly† (Erdrich 398). The author uses the most disparaging facet of living, death, to portray that life is not everlasting and that although we will not live forever, our memories will. Symbols deepen the story by opening a gateway into the emotional and physical states of the brothers.

Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 6

Whydidn't we just kill her?† Kestrel asked. Rowan and Jade looked at each other. There were few things they agreed on, but one of them was definitely Kestrel. . â€Å"First of all, we agreed not to do that here. Wedon't use our powers-â€Å" â€Å"And we don't feed onhumans. Or kill them,† Kestrel finished the chant. â€Å"But you already used your powers tonight; you called Jade.† â€Å"I had to let her know what story I'd just toldabout Aunt Opal. Actually, I should have planned forthis earlier. I should have realized that people are going to come and ask where Aunt Opal is.† â€Å"She's the only one who's asking. If we killed her-â€Å" â€Å"We can't just go killing people in our new home,†Rowan said tightly. â€Å"Besides, she said she had family waiting for her. Are we going to kill all of them?† Kestrel shrugged. â€Å"We arenotgoing to start a blood feud,† Rowan said even more tightly. â€Å"But what about influencing her?† Jade said. Shewas sitting with Tiggy in her arms, kissing the velvety black top of the kitten's head. â€Å"Making her forget she's suspicious-or making her think she saw Aunt Opal?† â€Å"That would be fine-if it were just her,† Rowansaid patiently. â€Å"But it's not. Are we going to influ enceeveryone who comes to the house? What aboutpeople who call on the phone? What about teachers?You two are supposed to start school in a couple of weeks.† â€Å"Maybe we'll just have to miss that,† Kestrel said without regret. Rowan was shaking her head. â€Å"We need a permanent solution. We need to find some reasonable explanation for why Aunt Opal is gone.† â€Å"We need to move Aunt Opal,† Kestrel said flatly.†We need to get rid of her.† â€Å"No, no. We might have to produce the body,†Rowan said. â€Å"Looking likethat?† They began to argue about it. Jade rested her chin on Tiggy's head and stared out the multipaned kitchen window. She was thinking about Mark Carter, who had such a gallant heart. It gave her a pleasantly forbidden thrill just to picture him. Back home there weren't any humans wandering around free. She could never have been tempted to break NightWorld law and fall in love with one. But here †¦yes, Jade could almost imagine falling in love with Mark Carter. Just as if she were a human girl. She shivered deliriously. But just as she was tryingto picture what human girls did when they were in love, Tiggy gave a sudden heave. He twisted out of her arms and hit the kitchen floor running. The fur on his back was up. Jade looked at the window again.She couldn't see anything. But †¦she felt †¦ She turned to her sisters. â€Å"Something was out there in the garden tonight,† she said. â€Å"And Icouldn't smell it.† Rowan and Kestrel were still arguing. They didn't hear her. Mary-Lynnette opened her eyes and sneezed. She'd overslept. Sun was shining around the edges of her dark blue curtains. Get up and get to work, she told herself. But instead she lay rubbing sleep out of her eyes and tryingto wake up. She was a night person, not a morningperson. The room was large and painted twilight blue. Mary-Lynnette had stuck the glow-in-the-dark starsand planets to the ceiling herself. Taped onto the dresser mirror was a bumper sticker saying I BRAKEFOR ASTEROIDS.On the walls were a giant relief map of the moon, a poster from the Sky-Gazer's Almanac, and photographic prints of the Pleiades,theHorsehead Nebula, and the total eclipse of 1995. It was Mary-Lynnette's retreat, the place to go when people didn't understand. She always felt safeinthe night. She yawned and staggered to the bathroom, grabbing a pair of jeans and a T-shirt on the way. She was brushing her hair as she walked down the stairs when she heard voices from the living room. -252Claudine's voice †¦ and a male voice. Not Mark; weekdays he usually went to his friend Ben's house.A stranger. Mary-Lynnette peeked through the kitchen. Therewas a guy sitting on the living room couch. She could see only the back of his head, which was ash blond. Mary-Lynnette shrugged and started to open the refrigerator, when she heard her own name. â€Å"Mary-Lynnette is very good friends with her,† Claudine was saying in her quick, lightly accented voice. â€Å"I remember a few years ago she helped her fix up a goat shed.† They're talking about Mrs. B.! â€Å"Why does she keep goats? I think she told Mary-Lynnette it would help since she couldn't get out that much anymore.† â€Å"How strange,† the guy said. He had a lazy, careless-sounding voice. â€Å"I wonder what she meant bythat.† Mary-Lynnette, who was now peering intently through the kitchen while keeping absolutely still,saw Claudine give one of her slight, charming shrugs. â€Å"I suppose she meant the milk-every day she has fresh milk now. She doesn't have to go to the store. But I don't know. You'll have to ask her yourself.† She laughed. -252Not going to be easy, Mary-Lynnette thought. Now, why would some strange guy be here asking questions about Mrs. B.? Of course. He had to be police or something. FBI.But his voice made her wonder. He sounded too young to be either, unless he was planning to infiltrate Dewitt High as a narc. Mary-Lynnette edgedfarther into the kitchen, getting a better view.There-she could see him in the mirror. Disappointment coursed through her. Definitely not old enough to be FBI. And much asMary-Lynnette wanted him to be a keen-eyed, quick witted, hard-driving detective, he wasn't. He was only the handsomest boy she'd ever seen in her life. He was lanky and elegant, with long legs stretched out in front of him, ankles crossed under the coffee table. He looked like a big amiable cat. He had deancut features, slightly tilted wicked eyes, and a disarming lazy grin. Not just lazy, Mary-Lynnette decided. Fatuous. Bland. Maybe even stupid. She wasn't impressed by good looks unless they were the thin, brown, and interesting kind, like-well, like Jeremy Lovett for instance. Gorgeous guys-guys who looked like bigash-blond cats-didn't have any reason to develop their minds. They were self-absorbed and vain. With IQs barely high enough to keep a seat warm. And this guy looked as if he couldn't get awake orserious to save his life. I don't care what he's here for. Ithink I'll go upstairs. it was then that the guy on the couch lifted onehand, wiggling the fingers in the air. He half-turned. Not far enough actually to look at Mary-Lynnette,but far enough to make it dear he was talking to somebody behind him. She could now see his profilein the mirror. â€Å"Hi, there.† â€Å"Mary-Lynnette, is that you?† Claudine called. â€Å"Yes.† Mary-Lynnette opened the refrigerator doorand made banging noises. â€Å"Just getting some juice. Then I'm going out.† Her heard was beating hard-with embarrassmentand annoyance. Okay, so he must have seen her in the mirror. He probably thought she was staring at him because of the way he looked. He probably had people staring at him everywhere he went. So what, big deal, go away. â€Å"Don't go yet,† Claudine called. â€Å"Come out here and talk for a few minutes.† No. Mary-Lynnette knew it was a childish and stupid reaction, but she couldn't help it. She banged a bottle of apricot juice against a bottle of Calistoga sparkling water. â€Å"Come meet Mrs. Burdock's nephew,† Claudine called. Mary-Lynnette went still. She stood in the cold air of the refrigerator, lookingsightlessly at the temperature dial in the back. Then she put the bottle of apricot juice down. She twisted a Coke out of a six-pack without seeing it. What nephew? I don't remember hearing about any nephew. But then, she'd never heard much about Mrs. B.'s nieces either, not until they were coming out. Mrs. B. just didn't talk about her familymuch. So he's her nephew. . . that's why he's askingabout her. But does he know? Ishe in on it with those girls? Or is he after them? Or .. . Thoroughly confused, she walked into the living room. â€Å"Mary-Lynnette, this is Ash. He's here to visit withhis aunt and his sisters,† Claudine said. â€Å"Ash, this isMary-Lynnette. The one who's such good friends with your aunt.† Ash gotup, all in one lovely, lazy motion. Just like a cat, including the stretch in the middle. â€Å"Hi.† He offered a hand. Mary-Lynnette touched it withfingers damp and cold from the Coke can, glanced up at his face, and said â€Å"Hi.† Except that it didn't happen that way. If happened like this: Mary-Lynnette had her eyeson the carpet as she came in, which gave her a good view of his Nike tennis shoes and the ripped kneesof his jeans. When he stood up she looked at his T-shirt, which had an obscure design-a black floweron a white background. Probably the emblem of some rock group. And then when his hand entered her field of vision, she reached for it automatically, muttering a greeting and looking up at his face justas she touched it. And This was the part that was hard to describe. Contact. Somethinghappened. Hey, don't I know you? She didn't. That was the thing. She didn't know him-but she felt that she should. She also felt as if somebody had reached inside her and touched herspine with a live electric wire. It was extremely not enjoyable. The room turned vaguely pink. Her throat swelled and she could feel her heart beating there. Also not-enjoyable. But somehow when you put it alltogether, it made a kind of trembly dizziness like †¦ Like what she felt when she looked at the Lagoon Nebula. Or imagined galaxies gathered into dusters and superclusters, bigger and bigger, until size lost any meaning and she felt herself falling. She was falling now. She couldn't see anything except his eyes. And those eyes were strange, prismlike, changing color like a star seen throughheavy atmosphere. Now blue, now gold, now violet. Oh, take this away. Please, I don't want it. â€Å"It's so good to see a new face around here, isn'tit? We're very boring out here by ourselves,† Claudine said, in completely normal and slightly flustered tones. Mary-Lynnette was snapped out of her trance, and she reacted as if Ash had just offered her a mongoose instead of his hand. She jumped backward,looking anywhere but at him. She had the feeling of being saved from falling down a mine shaft. â€Å"O-kay,† Claudine _ said in her cute accent.†Hmm.† She was twisting a strand of curly dark hair, something she only did when she was extremely ner vous. â€Å"Maybe you guys know each other already?† There was a silence. I should say something, Mary-Lynnette thoughtdazedly, staring at the fieldstone fireplace. I'm acting crazy and humiliating Claudine. But what just happened here? Doesn't matter. Worry later. She swallowed, plastered a smile on her face, and said, â€Å"So, how long are you here for?† Her mistake was that then she looked at him. Andit all happened again. Not quite as vividly as before, maybe because she wasn't touching him. But the electric shock feeling was the same. Andhelooked like a cat who's had a shock. Bristling. Unhappy. Astonished. Well, at least he wasawake, Mary-Lynnette thought. He and Mary-Lynnettestared at each other while the room spun andturned pink. â€Å"Whoare you?† Mary-Lynnette said, abandoning any vestige of politeness. â€Å"Who areyou?† he said, in just about exactly the same tone. They both glared. Claudine was making little clicking noises with her tongue and clearing away the tomato juice. Mary Lynnette felt distantly sorry for her, but couldn'tspare her any attention. Mary-Lynnette's whole consciousness was focused on the guy in front of her; on fighting him, on blocking him out. On getting rid of this bizarre feeling that she was one of two puzzle pieces that had just been snapped together. â€Å"Now, look,† she said tensely, at the precise moment that he began brusquely, â€Å"Look-â€Å" They both stopped and glared again. Then Mary-Lynnette managed to tear her eyes away. Something was tugging at her mind†¦ . â€Å"Ash,† she said, getting hold of it.†Ash. Mrs. Burdockdid say something about you †¦ about a littleboy named Ash. I didn't know she was talking abouther nephew.† â€Å"Great-nephew,† Ash said, his voice not quite steady. â€Å"What did she say?† â€Å"She said that you were a bad little boy, and that you were probably going to grow up even worse.† â€Å"Well, she had thatright,† Ash said, and his ex pression softened a bit-as if he were on more familiar ground. Mary-Lynnette's heart was slowing. She found thatif she concentrated, she could make the strange feel ings recede. It helped if she looked away from Ash. Deep breath, she told herself. And another. Okay,now let's get things straight. Let go of what just hap pened; forget all that; think about it later. What's important now? What was important nowwas that: 1) This guy was the brother of those girls; 2) He might be in on whatever had happened to Mrs. B.; and, 3) If he wasn'tin on it, he might be able to help with some informa tion. Such as whether his aunt had left a will, and if so, who got the family jewels. She glanced at Ash from the side of her eye. He definitely looked calmer. Hackles going down. Chest lifting more slowly. They were both switching gear. â€Å"So Rowan and Kestrel and Jade are your sisters,† she said, with all the polite nonchalance she could muster. â€Å"They seem nice.† â€Å"I didn't know you knew them,† Claudine said,and Mary-Lynnette realized her stepmother was hovering in the doorway, petite shoulder against thedoorjamb, arms crossed, dishtowel in hand. â€Å"I told him you hadn't met them.† â€Å"Mark and I went over there yesterday,† MaryLynnette said. And when she said it, something flashed in Ash's face–something there and gone before she could really analyze it. But it made her feelas ifshe were standing on the edge of a cliff in a cold wind. Why? What could be wrong with mentioning she'd met the girls? â€Å"You and Mark . . .and Mark would be-yourbrother?† â€Å"That's right,† Claudine said from the doorway. â€Å"Any other brothers or sisters?† Mary-Lynnette blinked. â€Å"What, you're taking a census?† Ash did a bad imitation of his former lazy smile. â€Å"I just like to keep track of my sisters' friends.† Why?†To see if you approve or something?† â€Å"Actually, yes.† He did the smile again, with moresuccess. â€Å"We're an old-fashioned family. Very old-fashioned.† Mary-Lynnette's jaw dropped. Then, all at once,she felt happy. Now she didn't need to think about murders or pink rooms or what this guy knew. All she needed to think about was what she was goingto do to him. â€Å"So you're an old-fashioned family,† she said, moving a step forward. Ash nodded. â€Å"And you're in charge,† Mary-Lynnette said. â€Å"Well, out here. Back home, my father is.† â€Å"And you're just going to tell your sisters which friends they can have. Maybe you get to decide your aunt's friends, too?† â€Å"Actually, I was just discussing that†¦.†He waved a hand toward Claudine. Yes, you were, Mary-Lynnette realized. She took another step toward Ash, who was still smiling. â€Å"Oh, no,† Claudine said. She flapped her dishtowelonce. â€Å"Don't smile.† â€Å"I like a girl with spirit,† Ash offered, as if he'dworked hard on finding the most obnoxious thing possible to say. Then, with a sort of determined bravado, he winked, reached out, and chucked Mary-Lynnette under the chin. Fzzz! Sparks. Mary-Lynnette sprang back. So didAsh, looking at his own hand as if it had betrayed him. Mary-Lynnette had an inexplicable impulse to knock Ash flat and fall down on top of him. She'd never felt that for any boy before. She ignored the impulse and kicked him in the shin. He yelped and hopped backward. Once again the sleepy smugness was gone from his face. He looked alarmed. â€Å"I think you'd better go away now,† Mary-Lynnette said pleasantly. She was amazed at herself. She'd never been the violent type. Maybe there werethings hidden deep inside her that she'd never suspected. Claudine was gasping and shaking her head. Ashwas still hopping, but not going anywhere. MaryLynnette advanced on him again. Even though he was half a head taller, he backed up. He stared at her in something like wonder. â€Å"Hey. Hey, look, you know, you really don't knowwhat you're doing,† he said. â€Å"If you knew†¦Ã¢â‚¬  AndMary-Lynnette saw it again-something in his face that made him suddenly look not fatuous or amiable at all. Like the glitter of a knife blade in the light. Something that saiddanger†¦ . â€Å"Oh, go bother someone else, † Mary-Lynnette said. She drew back her foot for another kick. He opened his mouth, then shut it. Still holding his shin, he looked at Claudine and managed a hurt and miserable flirtatious smile. â€Å"Thanks so much for all your-â€Å" â€Å"Go!† He lost the smile. â€Å"That's what I'm doingl† He limped to the front door. She followed him. â€Å"What do they call you, anyway?† he asked from the front yard, as if he'd finally found the comebackhe'd been looking for. â€Å"Mary? Marylin? M'lin? M.L.?† â€Å"They call me Mary-Lynnette,† Mary-Lynnette said flatly, and added under her breath, â€Å"That do speak of me.† She'd read The Taming of the Shrew in honors English last year. â€Å"Oh, yeah? How about M'lin the cursed?† He was still backing away. Mary-Lynnette was startled. So maybe his class hadread it, too. But he didn't look smart enough to quote Shakespeare. â€Å"Have fun with your sisters,† she said, and shutthe door. Then she leaned against it, trying to get herbreath. Her fingers and face were prickly-numb, as if she were going to faint. If those girls had only murderedhim, I'd understand, she thought. But they're all sostrange-there's something seriously weird about that whole family. Weird in a way that scared her. If she'd believed in premonitions, she'd have been even more scared. She had a bad feeling-a feeling that things weregoing to happen†¦. Claudine was staring at her from the living room. â€Å"Very fabulous,† she said. â€Å"You've just kicked a guest. Now, what was that all about?†Ã¢â‚¬ He wouldn't leave.† â€Å"You know what I mean. Do you two know eachother?† Mary-Lynnette just shrugged vaguely. The dizziness was passing, but her mind was swimming with questions. Claudine looked at her intently, then shook herhead. â€Å"I remember my little brother-when he wasfour years old he used to push a girl flat on her face in the sandbox. He did it to show he liked her.† Mary-Lynnette ignored this. â€Å"Claude-what wasAshherefor? What did you talk about?† â€Å"About nothing,† Claudine said, exasperated â€Å"Justordinary conversation. Since you hate him so much,what difference does it make?† Then, as Mary Lynnette kept looking at her, she sighed. â€Å"He was very interested in weird facts about life in the country. All the local stories.† Mary-Lynnette snorted. â€Å"Did you tell him about Sasquatch?† â€Å"I told him about Vic and Todd.† Mary-Lynnette froze. â€Å"You're jolting Why?†Ã¢â‚¬ËœBecause that's the kind of thing he asked about! People lost in time-â€Å" ?Losing time.,? â€Å"Whatever. We were just having a nice conversation. He was a nice boy. Finis. â€Å" Mary-Lynnette's heart was beating fast. She was right. She was sure of it now. Todd and Vicwereconnected to whatever had happened with the sisters and Mrs. B. But what was the connection? I'm going to go and find out, she thought.

Physical Environment in Early Civilizaitons Essay

Although Mesopotamia , Egypt, and The Indus Valley share a lot of physical environments in the development of early civilization, there are minor differences in cultural, agricultural, and social structures. Different civilization are depended on their traits; For example, certain agricultural, political, environmental, and social; Filled with sophisticated monuments, certain trade routes, and how early humans survive. First, Every civilization is different. Relating to document 1 (Excerpt from the story of Gilgamesh) the civilizations are depended on the traits like cities as administrator , a political system based on defined territory rather than kinship. Many people engaged in specialized, non-food-production activities, states distinctions baed largely on accumulation of wealth, monumental buildings, a system for keeping permanent records, long-distance trade, and finally sophisticated interest in science and art. The physical environment that connects to the development of early civilization is the monument building, and mostly trades, every civilization has an origin. For Gilgamesh – in Mesopotamia , there was very slow development of farming, but the trades did not end just because the development of product is slow , Gilgamesh trade are mostly to Egypt through the Nile River, trades makes the civilization powerful and forms an organized culture . According to document 3 (Reed Huts in the Marshes of Southern Iraq .photo. p.15) – it is showing the river banks and swampy lands at the head of the Persian Gulf, it was used for antiquity , mostly when trades happen floods arise people constantly creating new technology to prevent it. Based on the article in document 4 (Violence and Order in the Babylonian New Year’s Festival on page 20), every human development celebrates their largest and most important festival is that of the New Year, which falls in the Babylonian month of Nisan and coincides with the Spring Equinox. This was essentially a celebration of revival, the promise of fertility in the renewed cycles of the seasons. Even though it is a celebration. In this festival violence gets involved, in the early days during the festival , after relating the origins of the gods from mating . It is a myth that tells us how Tiamat gathered an army of old gods and monsters to destroy the younger generation of gods. Every civilization has its own language and the way it communicates . As seen in document 5 (Mesopotamian Cylinder Seal p.22) It is a picture of the Mesopotamian Cylinder seal, it is often used for legal documents or the identity of an individual , it is made out of wet clay. This particular seal symbolizes to those who attributes fertility and war, they are indicated by the date cluster in the hand, also an knife, it is cutting away out of the mountain and sunrising. As all of these information said above we can tell that civilizations can be economic ,agricultural and so on an so fourth. Second, The Indus Valley and the physical environment in the development of early civilizations of Indus Valley. In document 2( River -Valley civilization, 3500-1500 B.C.E p.13). It is a picture of Indus Valley map , including the river which can be used as trade routes. It shows that it was very convoluted . There is numerous parts where it is indicated green -as in the Extent of trading contacts. In bonding relevance to the document 7( Mud-brick Fortification wall of the citadel at Harappa photo.32). It is built upon a very elevated high-rise and massive amount of man-hours of labor; the fortification wall, it is for massive radical climate changes, also tolerant of dry conditions, the stabilization of sand dunes; Sometimes heavy rainfall comes once in a while. It is made for the changes of the landscape caused by shifts and courses of rivers. The Indus Valley cities were abandoned sometime after 1900 B.C.E. Civilizations like Indus valley isn’t so proficiently. They suffered something called â€Å"System Failure† -A breakdown of interrelationship of political, social and environment. Today, in recent study brings to the end that today, the Indus Valley is played important role in the life and decay of the Indus civilization. Egypt, it became a country when small villages and groups began forming along the Nile, then between 3900 and 3100BCE. Two particular villages that grew into power, were Upper and Lower Egypt. For example showing a map of Egypt. It is the great Egypt map(document 6: Map 1.4 Ancient Egypt) – indicating the well known Nile River, flowing south to north . This is a great physical development for the Egyptian, since in the view of the fact that the Nile River is such an extraordinary advantage ; Everything depended on the river in ancient times as it still does today to a large extent. It is simply Egypt’s lifeblood. Even with all the modern progress attributed to today. All inclusive, the physical environment of the three civilizations was similar but differ at some point . One country’s civilization can cause good or evil economically , socially, environmentally, or physically. It can change big about the country and that in this world every country has a civilization, but some might be in form of developing unhurried, downtempo, but some might be rapid, however it will all in due course lead to a human development.